Chapter 5 is missing.

 

Raghuvamsha has a place next only to Valmiki Ramayana in Sanskrit literature. It is “an expression in a delightful form and melodious language of the best thoughts and noblest emotions which the spectacle of life awakens in the finest souls...” so say Jagannatha Pandit and Vidyaanatha. It has a special merit of “subordinating form to matter, his poems set the sentimental chords into vibrations...” so says Krishnarao Mahadeva Joglekar, who translated this poem into English as early as in 1916, a publication of Nirnaya-Sagara Press.

What Sir William Jones put it about Kalidasa's works and Sanskrit while translating Sacontala, that position still obtains in their respect. He said:  - A modern epigram was lately repeated to me, which does so much honour to the author of Sacontalá, that I cannot forbear exhibiting a literal version of it: "Poetry was the sportful daughter of Válmic, and, having been educated by Vyása, she chose Cálidás for her bridegroom after the manner of Viderbha: she was the mother of Amara, Sundar, Sancha, Dhanic; but now, old and decrepit, her beauty faded, and her unadorned feet flipping as she walks, in whose cottage does she disdain to take shelter?"

Raghuvamsha has many commentaries, but one generally accessible and understandable is that of mahaamahopaadhyaaya mallinaatha suuri. Another work of Vallabhaacaarya is said to be very nice, but presently it is unavailable in India, yet available in Netherlands at a cost of many Euros. The translation of Nandargikar  is the trend-setting pattern, published in Year: 1897 - Nandargikar, Gopal Raghunath. But that is now in 2 Microfilm copies in USA. One at Columbia Univ. and another In District of Columbia, Arlington Library. The next in line  is that of Joglekar, as said above, and this book too is out of print and we are hanging around a much dilapitated copy of it. And though the way of Joglekar's translation, words used etc., do not comply to present day culture, source book is source book. Wherever possible Joglekar's words are reproduced duly acknowledging him.

We are attempting Raghuvamsha in the series of word for word translations, after Valmiki Ramayana, Ritu samhaaram, Gita Govindam, only to tell apart the words used by the poet and their meanings.  Since this work of ours is not the grand finale to the purport of this poem, please treat this as a guidebook to masterwork, since it a fanciful and humble attempt to say what the poet had said. Kalidasa himself said this poem with a similar fancifulness - caapalaaya... Let us become students first, to become pundits at a later time.

 

Notes:
1] Adjustment of browswer view setting will give a comfortable reading, Sanskrit best viewed in Netscape 4.7, Opera, as of now
2] Fonts used are Sanskrit 99, URW Palladio, and Georgia, zip file avaialble in the main page.
3] Wherever required the file containing abbreviations may be called for - link is given after introduction at the opening of each chapter.
4] Source books are as above, and that of  M.R. Kale - with  a very deatiled notes, commentary, explanation etc., available trhu M/s Motilal Banarasi Das
5] Teugu books of shriimaaan chalamancarla venkaTa sheSaacaaryulu, and his guru shriimaan taTTaa narasimhaacaaryulu  both retd. Principals of Sanskrit collages, and that of Vedam Venkataraya shastri, and many other Telugu translations of mallinatha suuri's commentary, who incidentally is of Telugu origin.
6] Word units of compounds in verses are purposefully separated in this work. Verses with undevided compounds are now being encoded by Shri Arvind Kolhatkar and they are avaialable in Sanskrit.gd site in phased manner.

 

Raghuvamsha is the poem about the narration of Rama's dynasty, and the poet is starting with the episode of Dillipa, the forefather of Rama. Dillipa comes to the hermitage of Sage Vashishta seeking sage's divine blessing for progeny.

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vaagarthaaviva sa.mpR^iktau vaagartha pratipattaye |
jagataH pitarau vande paarvatiiparameshvarau || 1-1

1-1. vaak= shabda= sound, [what is or may be heard]; arthau= sense; iva= like; sa.mpR^iktau= nitya sambandha= ever embodied [entity forming into a body]; vaak= of speech [idiom]; artha= its meaning [ideation, the process of forming and relating ideas]; pratipattaye= samyak j~naana artham= to derive [pertinent idiom and ideation, language and paralanguage]; jagataH= of universe; pitarau= parents of; vande= I adore; paarvatii= Paarvati; parama+iishvarau= supreme, ruler, Shiva.

To derive the pertinent idiom and its ideation I adore the Parents of Universe, Paarvati and Parameshvara, who are like an ever-embodied entity of sound and its sense.

Comment: An epic ever bases itself on ideas, idioms, and their ideation. Though Goddess Saraswati is the presiding deity of words, speech etc., the poet is reverently praying Shiva and Paarvati for more choice for pertinent words and their perfect meaning, as the poet Kalidasa is a deemed goddess Saraswati in male form pumbhaava saraswati... And according to the tenets of Vayu Puraana, Shiva Paarvati are the deities for exemplary meanings/words. shabdajaatam asheSantu dhatte sharvasya vallabhaa | artha ruupam yadakhilam dhatte mugdhendndu shekharaH ||; shiva shaktayoH vishiSTa shabda artha adhi devataaH;

Please call for the page in which abbreviations are included. The translation used for Sanskrit poetics is not precise. If elaborate accounts are wanted, aacaarya Sushil Kumar De's amnd others book may be consulted. Here the first metaphor, or a condensed simile is placed in vaagarthaaviva sampR^iktau wherein the u.ma - vaak, artha; objects: sound-sense; u.me -Paarvati, Parameshvara; objects compared: Shiva-Paarvati; saadhaaraNa dharma - sampriktau underlying quality, or factors ; inseparability; saadhaaraNa vaacaka - iva general word: like; The genders should be the same of the objects, and objects compared. Paarvati - speech, are in fem. while Shiva-meaning, in masc. The inseparability of speech and its meaning is compared with the inseparability of name and form of any object in this universe naama ruupaabhyaam idam jagat... Thus, though upama condensed simile or metaphor is there right from Vedic literature tryambakam yajaamahe... urvaarukam iva bandhanaat mukto... 'like a cucumber that separates itself from stalk, I aspire release...' etc., but Kalidasa pleasantly plays with it.

Many authorities have rendered magnificent commentaries on this particular verse, a jewel among all poetic works of Kalidasa, but here this much is enough, at the outset of such a complicated poetry.

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kva suurya prabhavo va.mshaH kva ca alpa viSayaa matiH |
titiirSuH dustaram mohaat uDupenaasmi saagaram || 1-2

1-2. suurya= Sun; prabhavaH+[iyam] vamshaH= sprang up [originated, this] dynasty; kva= where; alpa= meagre; viSayaa= subjects [yet to be known]; matiH+ca= [my] intellect, even; kva= where; duH+ taram = un, navigable; saagaram= ocean; mohaat= by folly, inanely; uDupena =by a small barque [2 poet. any boat]; titiirSuH+asmi= wish to go across, I am.

Where is a dynasty originated from the Sun, and even where is my meagre intellect, in subjects yet to be known, am I inanely wishing to go across this unnavigable ocean by a small barque? [1-2]

Comment: Even today the poetic aestheticians have kept their debate pending on the poetic aesthetics used in this verse. alankaarika-s like mummaTaacaarya long before said that 'going across the ocean called Solar dynasty in a small barque...' is asambhavan= anupadyamaanaaH taatparya viSaya iti yaavat; vastuno= vaakyaarthayoH; sambandhaH= anvayaH; upamaam parikalpayatiiti - upamaa parikalpakaH; but this is contradicted in baala bodhinii vyaakhya; na atra dR^iSTaantaa alankaara buddhiH na kaaryaaH; upamaayaam paryavasaanaat vaakyaartha nidarshaneyam... bimba prati bimbatve dR^iSTaanaH Another treatise kuvalayaananda says that lalitaa alankaara is there and rasagangaadhara contradicts this saying lalita alankaara is an ingredient of nidarshana alankaara - kevalam tatra taatparysya gamyamaanatvaat... uDupena saagaram titiirSurasmi... So, firstly let them resolve this, to name names. uDupa is a very small boat built with cane, and a leather hull for one or two, still in use, esp., in South India.

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mandaH kavi yashaH praarthii gamiSyaami apahaasyataam |
praa.nshu labhye phale lobhaat ud baahuH iva vaamanaH || 1-3

1-3. mandaH= dunce [like me]; kavi+yashaH= kaviinaam yadyashaH kaavya nirmaaNena tad praathanaa shiilaH [like Valmiki, Vyasa]= [hence eminent] poet's, celebrity; praarthii= desirous [fanciful]; praanshu [unnata puruSena]+labhye+phale= by tall one, obtainable, fruit; lobhaat= covetously; ud+baahuH= up, raised [elevating,] arms; vaamanaH+iva= hrasva iva= short one, like; apahaasyataam + gamiSyaami= mockery, go in [I land in.]

A dunce like me fanciful of an eminent poet's celebrity, like a short one covetously elevating his arms for a fruit obtainable only by the tall, thereby I may land myself in mockery. [1-3]

Comment: The object 'fancy for poet's celebrity' is mirrored in 'covetous elevation of short man's arms' for an otherwise unobtainable fruit for both, with concomitant result of both landing in mockery. The compound mandaH kaviH yashaH prarthii... if cleaved as mandaH+kaviH; yashaH+prarthi it becomes - dunce poet, renown seeker, then the topic of old poets will not be touched. upama - anugaamitva, bimba prati bimba upama allankaara o; mo; with mixture of uq. abbreviations

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athavaa kR^ita vaak dvaare va.mshe asmin puurva suuribhiH |
maNau vajra samutkiirNe suutrasya iva
asti me gatiH || 1-4

1-4. athavaa [pakshaantare]= or else; puurva+suuribhiH= by earlier, poets; kR^ita= made; vaak+dvaare [raamaayaNaadi prabantha ruupaa yaa vaak saiva dvaaram]= speech [idiomatic,] entrance; asmin+vamshe= in this [depiction,] of dynasty; vajra [maNi vedhaka suucii visheSeNa]= by diamond [edged tool for boring a diamond]; samutkiirNe= drill-holed; maNau= in diamond; suutrasya= for thread; iva= like; me+gatiH+ asti [varNaniiye raghuvamshe mama vaak prasaaro asti iti arthaH]= my, [easy] course, is there.

Or else, my course will be easy through the idiomatic entrance made by the earlier poets in depicting this dynasty, like a diamond drill-holed by a diamond-edged tool for an easy passage of thread. [1-4]

Comment: 'Though dunce, I have a way in through the epics already rendered by Valmiki, Vyasa et al, which will hold the thread of my narration tight, like the thread that easily moves in and out of the bored diamonds, tightly holding many diamonds...' na sva kapola kalpitam... This indicates that the threads and strings of his narrations are drawn from the earlier poets, but they are not his whims or fancies, hence they are authentic. And Joglekar sys, ‘Ramayana is the main store out of which Kalidasa drew material for his Raghuvamsha...’ of course, apart from ‘wholesale' lifting from numerous puraaNa-s, mythologies, so disputing that is a waste. A good poet is a good poet because he doesn't beg or borrow.

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saH aham aajanma shuddhaanaam aaphalodaya karmaNaam |
aasamudra kshiti iishaanaam aanaaka ratha vartmanaam || 1-5

1-5. saH+aham [mando api, raghuvamshe labdha praveshe, pratijaaniite]= such as I am [though dunce, I who entered the entrance made by earlier poets, and having known about Raghuvamsha]; aajanma + shuddhaanaam= from birth, impeccable ones; aaphalodaya+ karmaNaam= until fruition, deeds [those who have effortful deeds]; aasamudra+kshiti+ iishaanaam= unto ocean, lands, lords of; aanaaka+ ratha + vartmanaam [indra sahakaariNaam]= up to heavens, chariots, pathway [those who are cooperants of Indra]; [ekaanvaya: raghuuNaam anvyam vakshe= Raghus', dynasty, I tell - I poetise - this is to be tagged up to verse 8.]

Though dunce, Raghuvamsha is somewhat known to me through earlier poets, such as I am, I poetise about those who are impeccable from their birth, who have effortful deeds till their fruition, who are lords of lands unto oceans, and who have pathways for their chariots up to heavens, as cooperants of Indra... [1-5]

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yathaa vidhi huta agniinaam yathaa kaama aarcita arthinaam |
yathaa aparaatha daNDaanaam yathaa kaala prabodhinaam || 1-6

1-6. yathaa+vidhi= vidhim anatikramya= as, ordained, not transgressing duty; huta+agniinaam= made offerings, having propitiatory Ritual-fires; yathaa+kaama= abilaaSaam anatikramya= as, desired [by the seekers] without abasing themselves; arcita=gratified; arthinaam= supplicants; yathaa= aparaathaan anatikramya= according to, without third degree measures; aparaatha= guilt; daNDaanaam= punishers; yathaa+kaala= kaalam anatikramya= as per, time; prabodhinaam = [samaya jaagaruukataa]= awaking [vigilant in governance - caturbhiH visheSanaiH devataaya jana atithi satrkaara yathaa arha danDa dharatvam, prajaa paalana samaya jaagaruuktvaani vivakshitaani.]

Those who ever have ever-lit propitiatory Ritual-fires with un-transgressed duty to gods, who are generous for their supplicants' seeking is fully gratified un-condescendingly, and those the punishers of guilty according to their guilt un-aggressively, and those that are vigilant in governance, un-inadvertently... hence, worthiest kings in kingcraft... [1-6]

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tyaagaaya sa.mbhR^ita arthaanaam satyaaya mita bhaaSiNaam |
yashashe vijigiiSuuNaam prajaayai gR^iha medhinaam || 1-7

1-7. tyaagaaya= for munificence; sa.mbhR^ita= sankalita dhanaanaam= amassed; arthaanaam= riches; satyaaya= for truth [speaking]; mita+bhaaSiNaam= those that have controlled, speech - reticent; yashashe= for preponderance; vijigiiSuuNaam= ambitious conquerors; prajaayai= for progeny; gR^iha+ medhinaam = gR^haiH daaraiH medahnate - sangacChata iti GR^iha medinaH= get married to wives - [ebhiH visheSaNaiH paropakaaratvam, satya vacana taatparyam, yashaH paratvam, pitR^I uNaam anR^iNya sraddhaa ca vivakshitaH]

Those who amass riches only for munificence, those that are reticent for the sake of truth, those that will be on campaign ambitious only of their preponderance, and that get married only for the purpose of progeny... hence, they are the conscientious kings... [1-7]

Comment: Here mahaa mahopaadhyaaya mallinaatha suuri says vacana taatparyam meaning that whatever is said in sentences is some meaning of an indiscernible thought. It may expand or contract, or at time nonexistent. In presenting these Sanskrit classics, the Indian scholars of yester years did not give any gist, synopsis, or trans., for certain verses after giving an elaborate annotation during early 1900. Joglekar has not given any trans., here for verses from 5 to 9 as early as in 1916, and shrii kaaLe was also reluctant to put more sentences in his summation, though his notes were superb. Later it has become a fashion to omit, or place the original text as appendices, then to go on writing one's own words, calling translations. If a particular reader wishes to read the original word and translated word, then he/she will be put to loss. Therefore, we are bringing word for word separation right from Ramayana, and request the readers to go by the word for word section more, than the generalised, emphasised, detailed or reduced section called gist, synopsis or translation - taatparya, and also implore upon you to make some of your personal ideation in understanding, so that you also may come up with some new thoughts, called bottles, for these oldest possible wines, called Sanskrit classics, because translations are always approximations.

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shashave abhyastha vidyaanaaam yauvane viSaya eSiNaam |
vaarthake muni vR^ittiinaam yogena ante tanu tyajataam || 1-8

1-8. shashave= in adolescence; abhyastha+vidyaanaaam= brahma carya aashramaH= studied in-depth, studies; yauvane= R^ihasta aashrama= in adulthood; viSaya+eSiNaam= material pleasures, desirers of [have a penchant]; vaarthake= vaanaprastha aashrame= in old-age; muni+vR^ittiinaam= saints, [like their] activities; yogena= paramaatma dhyaanena= [when minds] yoked to [the Absolute]; ante= at end; tanu+tyajataam= body, those that evict [the soul from body like house- etena moksha bhaavo vivakshitaH]

Those that are masterly in studies at adolescence, those that have a penchant for material pleasures in adulthood, and those that undertake saintlike activities in old-age, and those that evict their souls from their bodies to attain moksha, at end-time... [1-8]

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raghuuNaam anvayam vakshye tanu vaak vibhavo api san |
tad guNaiH karNam aagatya caapalaaya pracoditaH || 1-9

1-9. tanu= a little; vaak= alpa vaaNii prasaaro api= expressive diction; vibhavaH= glory; api+san= even though, it is [may it be]; tat= that [of their]; guNaiH= by merits; [madiiya] karNam+aagatya= [to my] ears, they came [I have an excellent ear, appreciation, taste;] caapalaaya = caapala karma, avimR^ishya karaNa ruupam= unthinking back and forth [inadvertently, spontaneously = 1] literary style, etc., gracefully natural and unconstrained; 2] involuntary, not due to conscious volition]; pracoditaH= [by such merits] motivated; raghuuNaam+ anvayam+vakshye= Raghu-s', lineage, I [am going to] tell.

May the glory of expressive diction be a little in me, but as I have an excellent ear for their merits, and motivated by those very merits, I am going to tell of Raghu's lineage, spontaneously. [1-9]

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tam santaH shrotum arhanti sat asat vyakti hetavaH
hemnaH sa.mlakshyate hi agnau vishuddhiH shyaamikaa api vaa || 1-10

1-10. tam= of that epic; sat+asat+vyakti+hetavaH= merit, demerit, clarifying, causers [resolvers]; santaH= sagacious people; shrotum+arhanti= to listen, apt; hemnaH= of gold; vishuddhiH= purity; shyaamikaa +api+vaa= lohaantara sansarga aadi doSo api vaa= discoloured, [impurity owing to alloying with other metals,] even or; agnau= in fire; sa.mlakshyate+hi= marked [distinguished,] indeed.

Sagacious people who are the resolvers in clarifying merit and demerit are apt to listen this, as fire indeed can distinguish whether the gold is pure or impure. [1-10]

Comment: abbreviations. This is ardhaantara nyaasa alankaara; saamaanyena visheSasya, visheSeNa saamaanyasa vaa yat samardhanam tat arthaanta nyaasam justifying a common thing with uncommon, or an uncommon with a common factor - a kind of allusion. abbreviations

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vaivasvato manuH naama maananiiyo maniiSiNaam |
aasiit mahiikshitaam aadyaH praNavaH candasaam iva || 1-11

1-11. maniiSiNaam [manasa iiSiNo, dhiiraaH, vidvaamsa]+maananiiyaH= for sensible people, estimable one; candasaam+[aadya= unexcelled] praNavaH+iva= for prosody [Veda-s,] Om, like; mahii kshitaam+aadyaH= among kings, first one [unexcelled]; vaivasvataH [vivasvata suuryasya aapatyam pumaan= man birthed from Sun]+naama= Vaivasvat, named; manuH+aasiit= Manu, was there.

Firstly there was an unexcelled king among kings, namely Vaivasvat, an estimable one for all sensible people, like the unexcelled mystic syllable Om for Veda-s. [1-11]

Comment: The first Manu, the king of mankind, originated from the Sun. 'whatever least Manu says, that shall be good like medicine...' taittariiya 2-2-10 mahiikshitaam aadyaH - bimba - o; chandasaam aadyaH - pratibimba, om; shleSa, bimba pratibimba bhaava; maniiSiNaam maananiiya - ubhaya anvyi, SliSta prayoga unexcelled kings - object; unexcelled Om - mirrored object, when aadya is ellipted to Om. 'the syllable Om and the sound atha came out splitting the throat of Brahma, hence those two are auspicious...' Hence the object and mirrored object share the commonality in upama, condensed simile.

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tat anvaye shuddhimati prasuutaH shuddhimat taraH |
diliipa iti raajendu induH kshiira nidhau iva || 1-12

1-12. shuddhimati= immaculate [white]; tat+anvaye= in that, lineage; shuddhimat= nirdoSe= with immaculacy [very white]; taraH= to the nth degree, highly; diliipa+iti= Diliipa, thus [known as]; raaja+indu = king, the moon; kshiira+nidhau+induH+iva= milky, ocean, moon, like; prasuutaH= took birth.

In that immaculate linage a moonlike king, know as Diliipa took birth with highest immaculacy, like the moon taking his birth from Milky Ocean. [1-12]

Comment: As a whitest moon born out of white Milky ocean, irreproachable Diliipa took birth in a dynasty that which is beyond reproach - meaning a befitting king from Manu dynasty, and a pleasant one for one and all like moon. Hence, moon is attached to both the king and Milky Ocean. shuddhi - 1] pavitrata 2] svacChatva holiness, purity nirdoSatva, shvetatva immaculacy, whiteness. anugaamitva, shleSa, bimba-prati bimba mishraNa The dynasty is object, Milky Ocean mirrored object, both mixed with the communality of taking birth.

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vyuuDha urasko vR^iSaH skandhaH saala praa.mshuH mahaabhujaH |
aatma karma kshamam deham kshaatro dharma iva aashritaH || 1-13

1-13. vyuuDha+uraskaH= [one with] sizable, chest; vR^iSaH+skandhaH= bullish, scapulary muscle, say shoulder blade; saala+praamshuH = unnata saala praanshuH= sala tree like, tallish one [in stature]; mahaabhujaH= mahaa baahuH= great arms [arms dexterous]; aatma= his own; karma= for deeds [for kingship]; kshamam= befitting; deham= with physique; aashritaH= assuming; kshaatraH+dharma+iva= Kshatriya, duty, devoir, like [muurtimaan paraakrama iva stitaH= abided like the personification of valour; iti utprekha= hyperbole.]

He who has a befitting physique for his own deeds in kingship, with a sizable chest, bullish shoulders, tallish stature like a sala tree, and with dextrous arms, abided as a personification of the devoir and valour of Kshatriya-s. [1-13]

Here the first word in first stanza vyuuDhorakso is directly lifted from Valmiki Ramayana, Bala Kanda, 1-1-10. To prove the maxim that good poets steal, while the bad poets borrow...' in Ramayna it will be mahaa+uraskaH - guuDha jatruH. Here the poet cchanges for , thus making it as an impossible word for detection.

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sarva atirikta saareNa sarva tejo abhibhaavanaa |
sthitaH sarva unnatena urviim krantvaa meruH iva aatmanaa || 1-14

1-14. [saH+diliipa= he, that Diliipa]; sarva+atirikta+saareNa [balena]= over everything, superlative to, in might; sarva+tejaH+abhibhaavanaa= anything, by resplendence, that looks down on; sarva+ unnatena + aatmanaa= on all, imposing, by himself [with such a physique]; urviim= earth; krantvaa [aakramya] = having pervaded; meruH+iva+sthitaH= Mt. Meru, like, he was there.

He whose might is superlative over everything, whose resplendence looks down on anything that is self-resplendent, whose physique is imposing among all physical bodies, such as he was, having pervaded all the earth he was there like all-superlative, all-resplendent, all-imposing Mt. Meru. [1-14]

Comment: He is said to be self-resplendent because he emerged from the only self-resplendent Sun, hence like father like son. Though there is no physical comparability between a man and a mountain, their attributes compare one another, as a mountain lessens in a mirror. This is an allusion with object-mirrored object with communality of pervading. shleSa muulaka bimba pratibimba haavopama. . u.ma/o - Mt. Meru; u.me/oc - Diliipa; saa.dha- com. - besetting the earth; saa.va/cw - like. abbreviations

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aakaara sadR^isha praj~naH praj~nayaa sadR^isha aagamaH |
aagamaiH sadR^isha aarambha aarambha saDR^isho udayaH || 1-15

1-15. aakaara= [unnata aakaara = his Mt. Meru like towering] personality; sadR^isha= conformable to [similar to]; [unnata] praj~naH= his [lofty] brilliance; sadR^isha= conformable with [consistent with]; aagamaH= [praj~naa ruupa shaastra parishrama]= [scripturally majestic] enterprises [set of formularies for kingcraft, and performing sacrifices etc]; aagamaiH= enterprises; sadR^isha= conformable to [consistently]; aarambha= initiation; aarambha=[resolute] initiations; saDR^ishaH= similar to; udayaH = phala siddhiH= yielding fructified results.

His towering personality is conformable to his lofty brilliance, and that lofty brilliance is conformable with his scripturally majestic enterprises, and those enterprises are conformable to his resolute initiations, and his initiations conformably yield fructified results. [1-15]

Comment:  Abbreviations. The upameya, oc, used in the first upama alankaara, simile, becoming the upama, o, in the succeeding simile, and chaining similes in the same manner is known as rashana upama, where rashana in Sanskrit means - a multi-stringed girdle chain, whose chains will be festoons like. In the first simile towering personality, [where these adjectives towering, lofty etc., are now used for general readers, but they are superfluous,] - o; lofty brilliance - oc; sadrisha - cw; commonality - c - unsaid - hence a halfway simile. In the second, brilliance - o; scriptural enterprises - oc; in third simile, enterprises - o; endeavours - oc; in fourth, endeavours - o; fructification - oc. In all the similes cw is sadR^isha is said, but commonality - c is unsaid. Hence these are dharma lupta - arthi - rashanopamaalankaara

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bhiima kaantaiH nR^ipa guNaiH sa babhuuva upajiivinaam |
adhR^iSyaH ca abhigamyaH ca yaado ratnaiH iva arNavaH || 1-16

1-16. bhiima= dreadful [traits - tejasa, prabhaava, prataapa aadi guNaaH= resplendence, valour, victorious disposition]; kaantaiH= shiila daakshiNyaadi guNaiH = desirable [grace, favour, generosity traits]; nR^ipa+guNaiH= king's, traits; upajiivinaam= for dependants; yaadaH= with crocodiles, sharks like capturers, also; ratnaiH= with gemstones, also; iva= as with; arNavaH= ocean; saH+babhuuva= he, became; adhR^iSyaH+ ca= unassailable [inaccessible, steely,] also; abhigamyaH+ca= accessible, also.

With his kingly traits of dreadfulness in his resplendence, valour, victories etc., he became inaccessible, like an inaccessible ocean containing capturers like crocodile, sharks etc., for seafaring warriors or pirates, and yet with his desirable traits in grace, favour, and generosity he became accessible to his dependents, like the very same ocean that contains gemstones, becoming accessible for those pear-divers that depend on that ocean. [1-16]

Comment: Apart from simile there is yathaa sankhya alankaara . Objects and mirrored objects said in seriatim. The traits required of a king are mainly two. abhR^iSya guNaaH: tejo balamsattvavatta prathaanaH praapa kaalataa | adhR^iSya guNaan etaan nR^ipasya munayo viduH ||; and the other abhigamya guNaaH: kulam shiilam dayaa daanam dharamH satyam kR^itaj~nataa | iti aadayo abhigamyasya nR^ipasya kathataa guNaaH || iti smR^iti Though there are discussions about gender differences in simile, they are adjusted by bringing some subtle rules.

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rekhaa maatram api kshuNNaat aamanoH vartmanam param |
na vyatiiyaH prajaaH tasya niyantuH nemi vR^ittayaH || 1-17

1-17. niyantuH= shikshka, saarathi= helmsman [expert charioteer,] wheelman; tasya= his [Diliipa's]; prajaaH = subjects; nemi= rim [of wheel]; vR^ittayaH= cakra dhaaraaNaam vR^ittayaH= rotations; aamanoH= from [time of] Manu; kshuNNaat= abhyastaat, prahataacca= practised course of conduct / beaten track wheel grooves; vartmanaH= aacaara paddhateH= conducting themselves in traditional customs, traditionalists; param= adhikam= more; rekhaa+maatram+api= line, at least, even [even by hairbreadth]; na+vyatiiyaH= not, overstepped [out of line - failing to conform to a rule or convention, behaving inappropriately.]

Diliipa being the wheelman, his subjects being the traditionalists, they have never gone out of line of their traditional course of conduct, practised from the time of Manu, even by a hairbreadth, as with the rotating wheels of a chariot that do not veer more out of the beaten track of wheel-grooves, when steered by an expert charioteer. [1-17]

Comment: Here rotations vR^ittayaH are to be ellipted to people also - nemiinaam vR^ittayaH - nemi vR^ittayaH; nemi vR^ittayaH iva vR^ittayaH yaasaam taaH 'those that have beaten-track conduct, and those that are not off the beaten track of tradition...' Then rotations - o; subjects' cyclic traditionary conduct - oc; moving in 1] grooves of wheel, 2] grooves of tradition, unswervingly - c; as with, or like - cw. Then in this shleSaanupraaNita upamaana-vaacaka-lupta-upama is imbibed. abbreviations

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prajaanaam eva bhuuti artham sa taabhyo balim agrahiit |
sahasra guNam ut SR^iSTum aadatte hi rasam raviH || 1-18

1-18. saH= he, Diliipa; prajaanaam= for peoples; bhuuti+artham+eva= wellbeing [welfare state or works, for the sake of, only; taabhyaH= from them; balim= SaSTa amsha ruupam karam= tax in one sixth part; agrahiit= taken; hi= in deed, reasonably; raviH= sun; sahasra+ guNam= thousand, multiples of; ut SR^iSTum= utsarjana kriyaa visheSa= to pour forth [rains, raindrops]; rasam= essence [of water]; aadatte = takes.

He that Diliipa takes from the people, one sixth of their income as tax, only for the sake of a welfare state indeed, likewise the sun also takes subtle essence of earthly water to pour forth the same in multiples thousands of raindrops on earth. [1-18]

Comment: Justifying present activity with a remote activity arthaantara nyaasa somewhat transferred epithet.

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senaa paricChadaH tasya dvayam eva artha saadhanam |
shaasteSu akuNThitaa buddhiH maurvii dhanuSi ca aatataa || 1-19

1-19. tasya= his; senaa= army; paricChadaH= entourage [handling parasols, royal fans etc.] artha+ saadhanam= purpose, achieving [aspects]; dvayam+eva= two, only; shaasteSu+ akuNThitaa+ buddhiH = in sciences [like political science, or economics etc., say kingcraft] unswerving, a mind [one aspect]; dhanuSi+ aatataa [aaropitaa]+maurvii+ca= on bow, tautened, bowstring, also; [niiti purassaram eva shauryam tasya aabhuut it bhaavaH.]

His army is just an entourage on par with those that handle the royal parasols and fans, while the achievers of his purpose are but two, one is his unswerving mind in the sciences of kingcraft, and the other is his bow, ever tautened with bowstring. [1-19]

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tasya sa.mvR^ita ma.ntrasya guuDha aakaara ingitasya ca |
phala anumeyaaH praara.mbhaaH sa.mskaaraaH praaktanaa iva || 1-20

1-20. sa.mvR^ita+ma.ntrasya= gupta vicaaryasya= abstruse concepts; guuDha= invisible; aakaara = bhruukuTii mukha raagaadi aakaaraH= body language; ingitasya+ca= hR^idgata bhaavo = mind language, also; tasya= his; praara.mbhaaH= saama aadi upaaya prayogaa= tactical manoeuvring of kingcraft; praaktanaa sa.mskaaraaH = puurva janma vaasanaa= repercussions from past life - the recovery of things known to the soul in previous existences, Plato; iva= like; phala= kaaryeNa= by fruits of action; anumeyaaH= inferable.

His tactical manoeuvres in kingcraft are inferable only by their fruition, just like the repercussions in this life from past life, as his concepts and the languages of his body or mind are abstruse. [1-20]

Comment: The repercussions from past life - o; manoeuvres in kingcraft - oc; like - w; inference - commonality; anugaami sahitopama a simile with underlying quality

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jugopa aatmaanam atrastaH bheje dharmam anaaturaH |
agR^idhnuH aadade saH artham asaktaH sukham anvabhuut || 1-21

1-21. saH= he, Diliipa; a+trastaH= without, consternation; aatmaanam+jugopa= his own self, [his body,] conserved; an+aaturaH= without, illness [even if he is with ill health, he felt like a healthy person to performe dutiful deeds]; dharmam= dutiful deeds; bheje= aarjitavaa= served, performed; a+gR^idhnuH= without, avarice; artham+aadade= riches, recouped; a+saktaH= without, attachment [succumbing to temptation]; sukham+anvabhuut= comforts, enjoyed.

Diliipa conserved his body not out of his self-consternation, but to perform dutiful deeds, even if he were to be with ill health he performed dutiful deeds for duty's sake, he recouped riches without any personal avarice, and he enjoyed physical comforts without succumbing to temptations. [1-21]

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j~naane maunam kshamaa shakatau tyaage shlaaghaa viparyayaH |
guNaaH guNa anuba.ndhitvaat tasya sa prasavaa iva || 1-22

1-22. j~naane= para vR^ittanta parij~naabe satyapi= even if he is aware of others' misdeeds; maunam= vaa~NiyamH= tongue-tied; shakatau= even capable enough to retaliate etc; kshamaa= apakaara sahanam= patience to bear animosity [shaktaanaam bhuuSaNam kshama - caaNakya]; tyaage= while endowing munificence; shlaaghaa= exaltation; viparyayaH= abhaavaH= apathetic; tasya+guNaaH= his, attributes [like awareness, capability, munificence]; guNa= attributes [like silence, patience, apathy and other contradictory]; anuba.ndhitvaat= sahacaaritvaat= coexistent factors; sa+prasavaa+iva= sodaraaa iva= along with, born ones, like [paraspa viruddhaa api guNaaH tasmin na virodhena eva sthitaa= like the children of same mother, they coexisted in him.]

Though he is aware of others misdeeds he is tongue-tied, though capable enough to retaliate he is patient with them, though he is highly exalted while endowing munificence he will be apathetic to them, thus his attributes like awareness, capability, munificence are coexistent in him along with mutually contradictory attributes like silence, patience, apathy, as though they all are the children of the same mother. [1-22]

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anaakR^iSyasya viSayaiH vidyaanaam praara dR^ishvanaH |
tasya dharma rateH aasiit vR^iddhatvam jarasaa vinaa || 1-23

1-23. viSayaiH+an+aakR^iSyasya= by sensory subjects, not, attracted [dispassionate]; vidyaanaam = veda veda angaanaam= in scriptures; praara+dR^ishvanaH= up to end, one who has seen [knew scriptures in-depth, knowledgeable]; dharma+rateH= in duty, delights in; tasya= to him; vinaa+ jarasaa= without, aging; vR^iddhatvam+aasiit= old age, bechanced; [tasya raaj~naH j~naana vR^iddhatvam aaha.]

As sensory subjects have not attracted him he is dispassionate, as a knowledgeable person he delights in duty, to such a person old age is bechanced without actual aging, as an oldster of wisdom. [1-23]

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prajaanaam vinaya aadhaanaat rakshaNaat bharaNaat api |
sa pitaa pitaraH taasaam kevalam janma hetavaH || 1-24

1-24. prajaanaam= for people; vinaya= sikshayaaH= by training; aadhaanaat= by giving [orienting subjects in good conduct]; rakshaNaat+bharaNaat+api= by protecting [from the factors of fear or danger,] by succouring [with welfare facilities,] even; saH= he; [aabhuut] pitaa= [became] father; pitaraH+taasaam= parents, theirs [subjects]; kevalam= just; janma+hetavaH= for birthing, factors [aabhuut= became.]

By orienting his subjects in good conduct, and by protecting them from fears or dangers, even by according succour with welfare facilities, he that Diliipa became a de facto father to them, and their actual parents remained parents de jure. [1-24]

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sthitai daNDayataH daNDyaan pariNetuH prasuutaye |
api artha kaamau tasya aastaam dharmaaya eva maniiSiNaH || 1-25

1-25. daNDyaan= those that are punishable; sthitai= loka pratiSThaayai= for maintenance of system [of law and order]; daNDayataH= he punished; prasuutaye+pariNetuH= for progeny, he marries; maniiSiNaH +tasya= viduSaH tasya= being a scholar, his; artha+kaamau+api= purposes, pleasures, even; dharmaaya+eva+aastaam= in propriety, alone, abiding [artha kaamayo api dharma visheSataam aapaadayan.]

He punishes the punishable only for the sake of maintenance of law and order he marries only for the sake of progeny, and he being a scholar his purposes, and even his pleasures are abiding in propriety alone. [1-25]

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dudoha gaam sa yaj~naaya sasyaaya maghavaa divam |
sampat viniyamena ubhau dadhatuH bhuvana dvayam || 1-26

1-26. saH= he, Diliipa; yaj~naaya= for Vedic-rituals; gaam= bhuvam= earth; dudoha= milked, - idiomatic English has this 'milking' - taxman is milking me dry - kara grahaNe riktaam cakaara= to milked earth for levies for rituals]; maghavaa= Indra; sasyaaya= for crops; divam= heaven; [dudoha= milked]; ubhau= both; sampat= wealth; viniyamena= paraspara aadaana pratidaanaabhyaam= reciprocally; bhuvana+dvayam+dadhatuH = nourished, two, realms; [raajaa yaj~naiH indra lokam, indraH ca vR^iSTau bhuulokam pupoSe]

Diliipa milked the earth for levies for Vedic-rituals to appease Indra, and Indra milked heaven for rains for crops on earth, to appease the king and his subjects, thus both reciprocally exchanged prosperities, to nourish a pair of realms. [1-26]

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na kila anunayuH tasya raajaano rakshituH yashaH |
vyaavR^ittaa yat parasvebhyaH shrutau taskarataa sthitaa || 1-27

1-27. raajaanaH= [other] kings; rakshituH= being protector; [Diliipa's]; tasya yashaH= his renown; na+kila+anunayuH= not, indeed, emulate; yat= why because; taskarataa= thievery; parasvebhyaH= from others [riches]; vyaavR^ittaa [vi+aa+vR^it]= made an about turn; shrutau+sthitaa= in listening, remained; nyaayena shabde sphuritaa na sva ruupo asti iti arthaH= thievery remained in rulebooks as a name minus its functionality.

Indeed the other kings could not emulate the fame of Diliipa, why because the name 'thievery' took an about turn from the riches of others, and remained in all but a name, in rulebooks of law. [1-27]

Comment: This verse is said to contain Kalidasa's knowledge in grammar, logic, dialectics etc., in projecting an idea in unusual method. Details later.

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dveSyaH api sammataH shiSTaH tasya aartasya yathaa auSadham |
tyaajyo duSTaH priyo api asiit a.ngulii iva uraga kshataa || 1-28

1-28. shiSTaH= one with righteous conduct [principled person]; dveSyaH+api= despicable, even if; yathaa+aartasya+auSadham= as with, to a patient, [pungent] medicine; tasya+ sammataH+asiit= to him [to Diliipa,] agreeable, became; duSTaH+priyaH+api= unprincipled one, dearer, even if; uraga+kshataa+a.ngulii+iva= snake, fanged, finger, as with; tyaajyaH= discardable one; [aasiit= became.]

Even if someone is despicable he becomes agreeable to Diliipa, if he were to be a principled person, as with a pungent medicine to a patient, and even anyone is dearer to him, he becomes discardable to him for he is an unprincipled person, as with a snake-fanged finger, discardable by anyone. [1-28]

Comment: There are two sets of similes in this verse. 1] Medicine- o; principled person - oc; as with - cw; agreeability - uq; pungency - o; despicability - mo; Diliipa - o; patient person - mo; 2] finger - o; mo - unprincipled one - mo; discarding - uf; cw - as with; dearer one - o; snake-fanged - mo; to Diliipa - o; to anyone discarding finger - mo. Thus a mixture of uf, uq, o and mo - are there. Snake bitten parts, if possible for amputation, were amputated. abbreviations

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tam vedhaa vidadhe nuunam mahaabhuuta samaadhinaa |
tathaa hi sarve tasya aasan para artha eka phalaa guNaaH || 1-29

1-29. vedhaa= god Brahma; mahaabhuuta+samaadhinaa= five subtle elements, causative factors; nuunam= must have; tam+vidadhe= him [Diliipa,] created; tathaa+hi= yes, indeed; sarve+tasya= all, his; guNaaH= ruupa rasa aadi mahaabuuta guNavat eva= elemental attributes, essential traits [of Diliipa]; para+artha= for others, purpose; eka+phalaa+aasan= one, fruit, becoming [yielding one fruit, called social welfare.]

Brahma must have created Diliipa with five subtle elements, yes indeed, as all of his essential traits are for others' purposes, in yielding only one fruit, called social welfare. [1-29]

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sa velaa vapra valayaam parikhii kR^ita saagaraam |
ananya shaasanaam urviim shashaasa eka puriim iva || 1-30

1-30. saH= he Diliipa; velaa= seashore; vapra+valayaam= praakaara veSTaa= [like] ramparts, surrounded; saagaraam+parikhii+kR^ita= ocean, as moat, on making; an+anya+ shaasanaam= not, by others, ruled [monarch - from from Gr. monos 'alone' + arkho 'to rule']; urviim= earth; shashaasa= ruled; eka+puriim+iva= one, city [capital,] like.

On making the seashores as the surrounding ramparts, and ocean as moat, that monarch Diliipa ruled the earth, unruled by other kings, like a capital that has seashores as its fortifications, oceans as it moats, and on which no other king has any rulership. [1-30]

Comment: The seashores as the surrounding ramparts, ocean as moat, unruled by other kings - these three relate to capital, and earth is compared with a capital. velaa iva vapra valayaaH yasyaaH taam - on city's side; velaa eva vapravalayaa yasyaaH taam - on earth's side; samaasa bheda aashrayana and this 'unruled by others' belongs both to earth and capital - shleSa - allusion.

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tasya daakshiNya ruuDhena naamnaa magadha va.msha jaa |
patnii sudakshiNa iti aasiit adhvarasya iva dakShiNaa || 1-31

1-31. tasya= his; magadha+va.msha+jaa= Magadha, dynasty, born in; daakshiNya = daakshiNyam = para cChandaa anuvartanam= deportment according to the wishes of those on whom she is dependent, and convincingly make others to accept her opinions, as her opinions will always be right; ruuDhena= prasiddham = renowned one for such amicable conduct; naamnaa+sudakshiNa= by name, Sudakshina; iti= thus known as; adhvarasya= R^itvik, one who conducts Vedic-ritual and takes munificence for the culmination of that ritual, but now personified as Vedic-ritual itself; iva= like; dakShiNaa= munificence; patnii= wife; aasiit= [Sudakshina] is there.

His wife, born in the dynasty of Magadha kings is renowned for her amiable deportment and comportment, hence named as Sudakshina, is there like munificence ever wedded to a Vedic-ritual. [1-31]

Diliipa - o; orchestrator of Ritual - mo; wifehood and munificence - uq; objects are mirrored and mixed. The munificence given at the end of rituals, even in ordinary ceremonies is not the fees paid to the priest. It is to prove that the officiator desires higher worlds, at the munificence of all of his property, even his wife/wives. Pl. see our Ramayana Bala Kanda as to how Dasharatha gives up everything to the priests that conduct Ashvamedha yajna.

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kalatravantam aatmaanam avarodhe mahati api |
tayaa mene manasvinyaa lakshmyaa ca vasudha adhipaH || 1-32

1-32. vasudha+adhipaH= land, lord [king]; avarodhe= into which entry to others is prohibited= antaHpura= palace chamber of queens; mahati+api= greater, even if [many more better beauties are there as queens]; manasvinyaa+tayaa= one with heartiness [by Sudakshina]; lakshmyaa+ca = by Kingdom Fortune, also; aatmaanam= himself; kalatravantam+mene= having wife [really married to,] deemed.

Though many more better beauties are there as his queens in the palace-chambers of queens, he deemed himself to have a really wedded wife in this hearty Sudakshina, in Kingdom Fortune, [and even with the native land as indicated by poet in saying lord of the land.] [1-32]

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tasyaam aatmaa anuruupaayaam atmam janma samutsukaH |
vil.mbita phalaiH kaalam sa ninaaya manorathaiH || 1-33

1-33. saH= he [Diliipa]; aatma+anuruupaayaam= self, in harmony with [similar]; tasyaam= in her, in Sudakshina; atmam+janma= aatmanaH janmani putra ruupeNa utpattau= selfsame son; samutsukaH= enthusiastic to get; vilmbita+phalaiH= delayed, with fruition; manorathaiH= kadaa me putro bhavet iti aashaabhiH= with ambition as to when a son chances; kaalam+ ninaaya= time, led off.

Enthusiastic to get a selfsame son in self-similar wife Sudakshina, Diliipa led off his time while the fruition of his ambition is delayed. [1-33]

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sa.ntaana arthaaya vidhaye sva bhujaat avataaritaa |
tena dhuuH jagataH gurvii saciveSu nicikshape || 1-34

1-34. tena= by him [by Diliipa]; sa.ntaana= for progeny; arthaaya= for the purpose of [begetting]; vidhaye= vidhi anuSThaanaaya= for [performing] sacred duties; sva+bhujaat= from his own, shoulders; ava+taaritaa= down, loaded; jagataH= world's [the world of his kingdom]; gurvii+dhuuH= weighty, weight; saciveSu+nicikshape= among ministers, consigned.

For the purpose of betting progeny by performing sacred duties, Diliipa downloaded the weighty weight of his worldly kingdom from his shoulders, and consigned it to his ministers. [1-34]

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atha abhyarca vidhaataram pratau putra kaamyayaa |
tau da.mpatii vashiSTasya guroH jagmatuH aashramam || 1-35

1-35. atha= then; tau+dampatii= twosome, couple; abhyarca+vidhaataram= on worshipping, Creator [Brahma]; pra+yatau= very, effortfully; putra+kaamyayaa= son, yearning for; guroH+vashiSTasya= mentor, Vashishta's; ashramam+jagmatuH= to hermitage, proceeded.

Then that twosome couple on worshipping God Brahma very effortfully, yearning for a son as they are, proceeded towards the hermitage of their mentor Vashishta. [1-35]

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snigdha ga.mbhiira nirghoSam eka syandanam aasthitau |
praavR^iSeNyam payo vaaham vidyut airaaravaa iva || 1-36

1-36. snigdha= madhura= nice; gabhiira= booming; nirghoSam= having blare; eka+ syandanam= in single, chariot; praavR^iSeNyam= in rainy season; payaH+vaaham= water, carrier - rainy black cloud; vidyut= lighting; airaaravaa= Iravata - elephant of Indra; iva= like [chariot]; aasthitau= on settling [on mounting]; [from here up to verse 45 this is to be annexed: tau dapatii vashiSTasya guroH jagmatuH aashramam= meanings as above.]

On mounting a single chariot that is blaring boomingly, but nicely like a rain cloud, on which lightning and Indra's elephant Iravata mount in rainy season, proceeded towards the hermitage of their mentor Vashishta. [1-36]

Comment: There is no separate State carriage to this queen. Both are in the same chariot means that both are with a single aim. In this, lighting and elephant are - o; Diliipa and Sudakshina - oc; in thatt - Sudakshina is compared to lightning for her lightning-like beauty, and Diliipa to his silvern lordship, where this Iravata of Indra is a four tusked white skinned elephant, unlike elephants on earth. The resonant sound of chariot is - o; cloud's thunder is - oc; both mounting on a single chariot -o; both elephant and lightning ascending on cloud - mo; The lightning is a compeer of Indra's Iravata, where lightning has the same name iraavatii but in fem.

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maa bhuut aashrama piiDaa iti parimeya purassarau |
anubhaava visheSaat tu senaa parivR^itaa iva || 1-37

1-37. maa+bhuut= not, let there be; aashrama+piiDaa= hermitage, perturbation; iti [hetoH]= that way, [for the reason of, thinking so]; parimeya= minimal entourage; purassarau= keeping van; anubhaava+visheSaat+tu= tejo visheSaat tu= by their resplendence, hallmark of; senaa+parivR^itaa+iva= by [entire] army, surrounded, as though; [jagmatuH= proceeded.]

"Let the hermitage be unperturbed..." thinking thus, they proceeded with a minimal entourage in their van, but owing to the hallmark of their resplendence, that minimal entourage appeared like an entire army. [1-37]

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sevyamaanau sukha sparshaiH saala niryaasa gandhibhiH |
puSpa reNu utkirNaiH vaataiH aadhuuta vana raajibhiH || 1-38

1-38. sukha+sparshaiH= comfortable, with touch; saala+niryaasa+gandhibhiH= sala trees, trickling sap, with fragrances; puSpa+reNu+utkirNaiH= flowers, pollen, up-heaved [hence sightly]; aadhuuta= lightly winnowing; vana+raajibhiH= forest, ranges; vaataiH+sevyamaanau = by breezes, being adored; [jagmatuH= proceeded.]</