Chapter 5 is missing.
Raghuvamsha has a place next only to Valmiki Ramayana in Sanskrit literature. It is “an expression in a delightful form and melodious language of the best thoughts and noblest emotions which the spectacle of life awakens in the finest souls...” so say Jagannatha Pandit and Vidyaanatha. It has a special merit of “subordinating form to matter, his poems set the sentimental chords into vibrations...” so says Krishnarao Mahadeva Joglekar, who translated this poem into English as early as in 1916, a publication of Nirnaya-Sagara Press.
What Sir William Jones put it about Kalidasa's works and Sanskrit while translating Sacontala, that position still obtains in their respect. He said: - A modern epigram was lately repeated to me, which does so much honour to the author of Sacontalá, that I cannot forbear exhibiting a literal version of it: "Poetry was the sportful daughter of Válmic, and, having been educated by Vyása, she chose Cálidás for her bridegroom after the manner of Viderbha: she was the mother of Amara, Sundar, Sancha, Dhanic; but now, old and decrepit, her beauty faded, and her unadorned feet flipping as she walks, in whose cottage does she disdain to take shelter?"
Raghuvamsha has many commentaries, but one generally accessible
and understandable is that of mahaamahopaadhyaaya
mallinaatha suuri. Another work of Vallabhaacaarya is said to be very
nice, but presently it is unavailable in
We are attempting Raghuvamsha in the series of word for word translations, after Valmiki Ramayana, Ritu samhaaram, Gita Govindam, only to tell apart the words used by the poet and their meanings. Since this work of ours is not the grand finale to the purport of this poem, please treat this as a guidebook to masterwork, since it a fanciful and humble attempt to say what the poet had said. Kalidasa himself said this poem with a similar fancifulness - caapalaaya... Let us become students first, to become pundits at a later time.
Notes:
1] Adjustment of browswer view setting will give a comfortable reading, Sanskrit
best viewed in Netscape 4.7, Opera, as of now
2] Fonts used are Sanskrit 99, URW Palladio, and Georgia, zip file avaialble in
the main page.
3] Wherever required the file containing abbreviations may be called for - link
is given after introduction at the opening of each chapter.
4] Source books are as above, and that of M.R. Kale - with a very
deatiled notes, commentary, explanation etc., available trhu M/s Motilal
Banarasi Das
5] Teugu books of shriimaaan chalamancarla venkaTa sheSaacaaryulu, and his guru
shriimaan taTTaa narasimhaacaaryulu both retd. Principals of Sanskrit
collages, and that of Vedam Venkataraya shastri, and many other Telugu
translations of mallinatha suuri's commentary, who incidentally is of Telugu
origin.
6] Word units of compounds in verses are purposefully separated in this work.
Verses with undevided compounds are now being encoded by Shri Arvind Kolhatkar
and they are avaialable in Sanskrit.gd site in phased manner.
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Raghuvamsha is the poem about the narration
of Rama's dynasty, and the poet is starting with the episode of Dillipa, the
forefather of Rama. Dillipa comes to the hermitage of Sage Vashishta seeking
sage's divine blessing for progeny. |
vaagarthaaviva
sa.mpR^iktau vaagartha pratipattaye |
jagataH pitarau vande paarvatiiparameshvarau || 1-1
1-1. vaak= shabda= sound, [what
is or may be heard]; arthau= sense; iva= like; sa.mpR^iktau= nitya sambandha=
ever embodied [entity forming into a body]; vaak= of speech [idiom]; artha= its
meaning [ideation, the process of forming and relating ideas]; pratipattaye=
samyak j~naana artham= to derive [pertinent idiom and ideation, language and
paralanguage]; jagataH= of universe; pitarau= parents of; vande= I adore;
paarvatii= Paarvati; parama+iishvarau= supreme, ruler, Shiva.
To derive the
pertinent idiom and its ideation I adore the Parents of Universe, Paarvati and
Parameshvara, who are like an ever-embodied entity of sound and its sense.
Comment: An epic ever
bases itself on ideas, idioms, and their ideation. Though Goddess Saraswati is
the presiding deity of words, speech etc., the poet is reverently praying Shiva
and Paarvati for more choice for pertinent words and their perfect meaning, as
the poet Kalidasa is a deemed goddess Saraswati in male form pumbhaava
saraswati... And according to the tenets of Vayu
Puraana, Shiva Paarvati are the deities for exemplary meanings/words. shabdajaatam
asheSantu dhatte sharvasya vallabhaa | artha ruupam yadakhilam dhatte
mugdhendndu shekharaH ||; shiva shaktayoH vishiSTa shabda artha adhi devataaH;
Please call for the
page in which abbreviations are included. The translation used
for Sanskrit poetics is not precise. If elaborate accounts are wanted, aacaarya
Sushil Kumar De's amnd others book may be consulted. Here the first metaphor,
or a condensed simile is placed in vaagarthaaviva sampR^iktau wherein
the u.ma - vaak, artha; objects: sound-sense; u.me -Paarvati,
Parameshvara; objects compared: Shiva-Paarvati; saadhaaraNa dharma -
sampriktau underlying quality, or factors ;
inseparability; saadhaaraNa vaacaka - iva general
word: like; The genders should be the same of the objects, and objects
compared. Paarvati - speech, are in fem. while Shiva-meaning, in masc. The
inseparability of speech and its meaning is compared with the inseparability of
name and form of any object in this universe naama ruupaabhyaam
idam jagat... Thus, though upama condensed
simile or metaphor is there right from Vedic literature tryambakam
yajaamahe... urvaarukam iva bandhanaat mukto... 'like
a cucumber that separates itself from stalk, I aspire release...' etc., but
Kalidasa pleasantly plays with it.
Many authorities have
rendered magnificent commentaries on this particular verse, a jewel among all
poetic works of Kalidasa, but here this much is enough, at the outset of such a
complicated poetry.
kva
suurya prabhavo va.mshaH kva ca alpa viSayaa matiH |
titiirSuH dustaram mohaat uDupenaasmi saagaram || 1-2
1-2. suurya= Sun;
prabhavaH+[iyam] vamshaH= sprang up [originated, this] dynasty; kva= where;
alpa= meagre; viSayaa= subjects [yet to be known]; matiH+ca= [my] intellect,
even; kva= where; duH+ taram = un, navigable; saagaram= ocean; mohaat= by
folly, inanely; uDupena =by a small barque [2 poet. any boat]; titiirSuH+asmi=
wish to go across, I am.
Where is a dynasty
originated from the Sun, and even where is my meagre intellect, in subjects yet
to be known, am I inanely wishing to go across this unnavigable ocean by a
small barque? [1-2]
Comment: Even today the
poetic aestheticians have kept their debate pending on the poetic aesthetics
used in this verse. alankaarika-s like mummaTaacaarya long
before said that 'going across the ocean called Solar dynasty in a small
barque...' is asambhavan= anupadyamaanaaH taatparya viSaya iti yaavat;
vastuno= vaakyaarthayoH; sambandhaH= anvayaH; upamaam parikalpayatiiti - upamaa
parikalpakaH; but this is contradicted in baala bodhinii
vyaakhya; na atra dR^iSTaantaa alankaara buddhiH na kaaryaaH; upamaayaam
paryavasaanaat vaakyaartha nidarshaneyam... bimba prati bimbatve dR^iSTaanaH Another
treatise kuvalayaananda says that lalitaa alankaara is
there and rasagangaadhara contradicts
this saying lalita alankaara is
an ingredient of nidarshana alankaara - kevalam tatra taatparysya
gamyamaanatvaat... uDupena saagaram titiirSurasmi... So,
firstly let them resolve this, to name names. uDupa is
a very small boat built with cane, and a leather hull for one or two, still in
use, esp., in
mandaH
kavi yashaH praarthii gamiSyaami apahaasyataam |
praa.nshu labhye phale lobhaat ud baahuH iva vaamanaH || 1-3
1-3. mandaH= dunce [like me];
kavi+yashaH= kaviinaam yadyashaH kaavya nirmaaNena tad praathanaa shiilaH [like
Valmiki, Vyasa]= [hence eminent] poet's, celebrity; praarthii= desirous
[fanciful]; praanshu [unnata puruSena]+labhye+phale= by tall one, obtainable,
fruit; lobhaat= covetously; ud+baahuH= up, raised [elevating,] arms;
vaamanaH+iva= hrasva iva= short one, like; apahaasyataam + gamiSyaami= mockery,
go in [I land in.]
A dunce like me
fanciful of an eminent poet's celebrity, like a short one covetously elevating
his arms for a fruit obtainable only by the tall, thereby I may land myself in
mockery. [1-3]
Comment: The object
'fancy for poet's celebrity' is mirrored in 'covetous elevation of short man's
arms' for an otherwise unobtainable fruit for both, with concomitant result of
both landing in mockery. The compound mandaH kaviH yashaH prarthii... if
cleaved as mandaH+kaviH; yashaH+prarthi it
becomes - dunce poet, renown seeker, then the topic of old poets will not be
touched. upama - anugaamitva, bimba prati bimba upama allankaara o;
mo; with mixture of uq. abbreviations
athavaa
kR^ita vaak dvaare va.mshe asmin puurva suuribhiH |
maNau vajra samutkiirNe suutrasya iva
1-4. athavaa [pakshaantare]= or
else; puurva+suuribhiH= by earlier, poets; kR^ita= made; vaak+dvaare
[raamaayaNaadi prabantha ruupaa yaa vaak saiva dvaaram]= speech [idiomatic,]
entrance; asmin+vamshe= in this [depiction,] of dynasty; vajra [maNi vedhaka
suucii visheSeNa]= by diamond [edged tool for boring a diamond]; samutkiirNe=
drill-holed; maNau= in diamond; suutrasya= for thread; iva= like; me+gatiH+
asti [varNaniiye raghuvamshe mama vaak prasaaro asti iti arthaH]= my, [easy]
course, is there.
Or else, my course
will be easy through the idiomatic entrance made by the earlier poets in depicting
this dynasty, like a diamond drill-holed by a diamond-edged tool for an easy
passage of thread. [1-4]
Comment: 'Though dunce,
I have a way in through the epics already rendered by Valmiki, Vyasa et al,
which will hold the thread of my narration tight, like the thread that easily
moves in and out of the bored diamonds, tightly holding many diamonds...' na sva kapola
kalpitam... This indicates that the threads and
strings of his narrations are drawn from the earlier poets, but they are not
his whims or fancies, hence they are authentic. And Joglekar sys, ‘Ramayana is
the main store out of which Kalidasa drew material for his Raghuvamsha...’ of
course, apart from ‘wholesale' lifting from numerous puraaNa-s,
mythologies, so disputing that is a waste. A good poet is a good poet because
he doesn't beg or borrow.
saH
aham aajanma shuddhaanaam aaphalodaya karmaNaam |
aasamudra kshiti iishaanaam aanaaka ratha vartmanaam || 1-5
1-5. saH+aham [mando api,
raghuvamshe labdha praveshe, pratijaaniite]= such as I am [though dunce, I who
entered the entrance made by earlier poets, and having known about
Raghuvamsha]; aajanma + shuddhaanaam= from birth, impeccable ones; aaphalodaya+
karmaNaam= until fruition, deeds [those who have effortful deeds];
aasamudra+kshiti+ iishaanaam= unto ocean, lands, lords of; aanaaka+ ratha +
vartmanaam [indra sahakaariNaam]= up to heavens, chariots, pathway [those who
are cooperants of Indra]; [ekaanvaya: raghuuNaam anvyam vakshe= Raghus',
dynasty, I tell - I poetise - this is to be tagged up to verse 8.]
Though dunce,
Raghuvamsha is somewhat known to me through earlier poets, such as I am, I
poetise about those who are impeccable from their birth, who have effortful
deeds till their fruition, who are lords of lands unto oceans, and who have
pathways for their chariots up to heavens, as cooperants of Indra... [1-5]
yathaa
vidhi huta agniinaam yathaa kaama aarcita arthinaam |
yathaa aparaatha daNDaanaam yathaa kaala prabodhinaam || 1-6
1-6. yathaa+vidhi= vidhim
anatikramya= as, ordained, not transgressing duty; huta+agniinaam= made
offerings, having propitiatory Ritual-fires; yathaa+kaama= abilaaSaam
anatikramya= as, desired [by the seekers] without abasing themselves;
arcita=gratified; arthinaam= supplicants; yathaa= aparaathaan anatikramya=
according to, without third degree measures; aparaatha= guilt; daNDaanaam=
punishers; yathaa+kaala= kaalam anatikramya= as per, time; prabodhinaam =
[samaya jaagaruukataa]= awaking [vigilant in governance - caturbhiH visheSanaiH
devataaya jana atithi satrkaara yathaa arha danDa dharatvam, prajaa paalana
samaya jaagaruuktvaani vivakshitaani.]
Those who ever have
ever-lit propitiatory Ritual-fires with un-transgressed duty to gods, who are
generous for their supplicants' seeking is fully gratified un-condescendingly,
and those the punishers of guilty according to their guilt un-aggressively, and
those that are vigilant in governance, un-inadvertently... hence, worthiest
kings in kingcraft... [1-6]
tyaagaaya
sa.mbhR^ita arthaanaam satyaaya mita bhaaSiNaam |
yashashe vijigiiSuuNaam prajaayai gR^iha medhinaam || 1-7
1-7. tyaagaaya= for
munificence; sa.mbhR^ita= sankalita dhanaanaam= amassed; arthaanaam= riches;
satyaaya= for truth [speaking]; mita+bhaaSiNaam= those that have controlled,
speech - reticent; yashashe= for preponderance; vijigiiSuuNaam= ambitious
conquerors; prajaayai= for progeny; gR^iha+ medhinaam = gR^haiH daaraiH
medahnate - sangacChata iti GR^iha medinaH= get married to wives - [ebhiH
visheSaNaiH paropakaaratvam, satya vacana taatparyam, yashaH paratvam, pitR^I
uNaam anR^iNya sraddhaa ca vivakshitaH]
Those who amass riches
only for munificence, those that are reticent for the sake of truth, those that
will be on campaign ambitious only of their preponderance, and that get married
only for the purpose of progeny... hence, they are the conscientious kings...
[1-7]
Comment: Here mahaa mahopaadhyaaya
mallinaatha suuri says vacana taatparyam meaning that
whatever is said in sentences is some meaning of an indiscernible thought. It
may expand or contract, or at time nonexistent. In presenting these Sanskrit
classics, the Indian scholars of yester years did not give any gist, synopsis,
or trans., for certain verses after giving an elaborate annotation during early
1900. Joglekar has not given any trans., here for verses from 5 to 9 as early
as in 1916, and shrii kaaLe was also reluctant to put more sentences in his
summation, though his notes were superb. Later it has become a fashion to omit,
or place the original text as appendices, then to go on writing one's own
words, calling translations. If a particular reader wishes to read the original
word and translated word, then he/she will be put to loss. Therefore, we are
bringing word for word separation right from Ramayana, and request the readers
to go by the word for word section more, than the generalised, emphasised,
detailed or reduced section called gist, synopsis or translation - taatparya,
and also implore upon you to make some of your personal ideation in
understanding, so that you also may come up with some new thoughts, called
bottles, for these oldest possible wines, called Sanskrit classics, because
translations are always approximations.
shashave
abhyastha vidyaanaaam yauvane viSaya eSiNaam |
vaarthake muni vR^ittiinaam yogena ante tanu tyajataam || 1-8
1-8. shashave= in adolescence;
abhyastha+vidyaanaaam= brahma carya aashramaH= studied in-depth, studies;
yauvane= R^ihasta aashrama= in adulthood; viSaya+eSiNaam= material pleasures,
desirers of [have a penchant]; vaarthake= vaanaprastha aashrame= in old-age;
muni+vR^ittiinaam= saints, [like their] activities; yogena= paramaatma
dhyaanena= [when minds] yoked to [the Absolute]; ante= at end; tanu+tyajataam=
body, those that evict [the soul from body like house- etena moksha bhaavo
vivakshitaH]
Those that are
masterly in studies at adolescence, those that have a penchant for material
pleasures in adulthood, and those that undertake saintlike activities in
old-age, and those that evict their souls from their bodies to attain moksha,
at end-time... [1-8]
raghuuNaam
anvayam vakshye tanu vaak vibhavo api san |
tad guNaiH karNam aagatya caapalaaya pracoditaH || 1-9
1-9. tanu= a little; vaak= alpa
vaaNii prasaaro api= expressive diction; vibhavaH= glory; api+san= even though,
it is [may it be]; tat= that [of their]; guNaiH= by merits; [madiiya]
karNam+aagatya= [to my] ears, they came [I have an excellent ear, appreciation,
taste;] caapalaaya = caapala karma, avimR^ishya karaNa ruupam= unthinking back
and forth [inadvertently, spontaneously = 1] literary style, etc., gracefully
natural and unconstrained; 2] involuntary, not due to conscious volition];
pracoditaH= [by such merits] motivated; raghuuNaam+ anvayam+vakshye= Raghu-s',
lineage, I [am going to] tell.
May the glory of
expressive diction be a little in me, but as I have an excellent ear for their
merits, and motivated by those very merits, I am going to tell of Raghu's
lineage, spontaneously. [1-9]
tam
santaH shrotum arhanti sat asat vyakti hetavaH
hemnaH sa.mlakshyate hi agnau vishuddhiH shyaamikaa api vaa || 1-10
1-10. tam= of that epic;
sat+asat+vyakti+hetavaH= merit, demerit, clarifying, causers [resolvers];
santaH= sagacious people; shrotum+arhanti= to listen, apt; hemnaH= of gold;
vishuddhiH= purity; shyaamikaa +api+vaa= lohaantara sansarga aadi doSo api vaa=
discoloured, [impurity owing to alloying with other metals,] even or; agnau= in
fire; sa.mlakshyate+hi= marked [distinguished,] indeed.
Sagacious people who
are the resolvers in clarifying merit and demerit are apt to listen this, as
fire indeed can distinguish whether the gold is pure or impure. [1-10]
Comment: abbreviations. This is ardhaantara nyaasa
alankaara; saamaanyena visheSasya, visheSeNa saamaanyasa vaa yat samardhanam
tat arthaanta nyaasam justifying a common thing with
uncommon, or an uncommon with a common factor - a kind of allusion. abbreviations
vaivasvato
manuH naama maananiiyo maniiSiNaam |
aasiit mahiikshitaam aadyaH praNavaH candasaam iva || 1-11
1-11. maniiSiNaam [manasa
iiSiNo, dhiiraaH, vidvaamsa]+maananiiyaH= for sensible people, estimable one;
candasaam+[aadya= unexcelled] praNavaH+iva= for prosody [Veda-s,]
Firstly there was an
unexcelled king among kings, namely Vaivasvat, an estimable one for all
sensible people, like the unexcelled mystic syllable
Comment: The first
Manu, the king of mankind, originated from the Sun. 'whatever least Manu says,
that shall be good like medicine...' taittariiya 2-2-10 mahiikshitaam aadyaH
- bimba - o; chandasaam aadyaH - pratibimba, om; shleSa, bimba pratibimba
bhaava; maniiSiNaam maananiiya - ubhaya anvyi, SliSta prayoga unexcelled
kings - object; unexcelled Om - mirrored object, when aadya is
ellipted to Om. 'the syllable
tat
anvaye shuddhimati prasuutaH shuddhimat taraH |
diliipa iti raajendu induH kshiira nidhau iva || 1-12
1-12. shuddhimati= immaculate
[white]; tat+anvaye= in that, lineage; shuddhimat= nirdoSe= with immaculacy
[very white]; taraH= to the nth degree, highly; diliipa+iti= Diliipa, thus
[known as]; raaja+indu = king, the moon; kshiira+nidhau+induH+iva= milky,
ocean, moon, like; prasuutaH= took birth.
In that immaculate
linage a moonlike king, know as Diliipa took birth with highest immaculacy,
like the moon taking his birth from
Comment: As a whitest
moon born out of white Milky ocean, irreproachable Diliipa took birth in a
dynasty that which is beyond reproach - meaning a befitting king from Manu
dynasty, and a pleasant one for one and all like moon. Hence, moon is attached
to both the king and
vyuuDha
urasko vR^iSaH skandhaH saala praa.mshuH mahaabhujaH |
aatma karma kshamam deham kshaatro dharma iva aashritaH || 1-13
1-13. vyuuDha+uraskaH= [one
with] sizable, chest; vR^iSaH+skandhaH= bullish, scapulary muscle, say shoulder
blade; saala+praamshuH = unnata saala praanshuH= sala tree like, tallish one
[in stature]; mahaabhujaH= mahaa baahuH= great arms [arms dexterous]; aatma=
his own; karma= for deeds [for kingship]; kshamam= befitting; deham= with
physique; aashritaH= assuming; kshaatraH+dharma+iva= Kshatriya, duty, devoir,
like [muurtimaan paraakrama iva stitaH= abided like the personification of
valour; iti utprekha= hyperbole.]
He who has a befitting
physique for his own deeds in kingship, with a sizable chest, bullish
shoulders, tallish stature like a sala tree, and with dextrous arms, abided as
a personification of the devoir and valour of Kshatriya-s. [1-13]
Here the first word in
first stanza vyuuDhorakso is directly lifted
from Valmiki Ramayana, Bala Kanda,
sarva
atirikta saareNa sarva tejo abhibhaavanaa |
sthitaH sarva unnatena urviim krantvaa meruH iva aatmanaa || 1-14
1-14. [saH+diliipa= he, that
Diliipa]; sarva+atirikta+saareNa [balena]= over everything, superlative to, in
might; sarva+tejaH+abhibhaavanaa= anything, by resplendence, that looks down
on; sarva+ unnatena + aatmanaa= on all, imposing, by himself [with such a
physique]; urviim= earth; krantvaa [aakramya] = having pervaded;
meruH+iva+sthitaH=
He whose might is
superlative over everything, whose resplendence looks down on anything that is
self-resplendent, whose physique is imposing among all physical bodies, such as
he was, having pervaded all the earth he was there like all-superlative,
all-resplendent, all-imposing Mt. Meru. [1-14]
Comment: He is said to
be self-resplendent because he emerged from the only self-resplendent Sun,
hence like father like son. Though there is no physical comparability between a
man and a mountain, their attributes compare one another, as a mountain lessens
in a mirror. This is an allusion with object-mirrored object with communality
of pervading. shleSa muulaka bimba pratibimba haavopama. .
u.ma/o -
aakaara
sadR^isha praj~naH praj~nayaa sadR^isha aagamaH |
aagamaiH sadR^isha aarambha aarambha saDR^isho udayaH || 1-15
1-15. aakaara= [unnata aakaara
= his Mt. Meru like towering] personality; sadR^isha= conformable to [similar to];
[unnata] praj~naH= his [lofty] brilliance; sadR^isha= conformable with
[consistent with]; aagamaH= [praj~naa ruupa shaastra parishrama]= [scripturally
majestic] enterprises [set of formularies for kingcraft, and performing
sacrifices etc]; aagamaiH= enterprises; sadR^isha= conformable to
[consistently]; aarambha= initiation; aarambha=[resolute] initiations;
saDR^ishaH= similar to; udayaH = phala siddhiH= yielding fructified results.
His towering
personality is conformable to his lofty brilliance, and that lofty brilliance
is conformable with his scripturally majestic enterprises, and those
enterprises are conformable to his resolute initiations, and his initiations
conformably yield fructified results. [1-15]
Comment: Abbreviations. The upameya, oc, used in the first
upama alankaara, simile, becoming the upama, o, in the succeeding simile, and
chaining similes in the same manner is known as rashana upama,
where rashana in Sanskrit means - a multi-stringed
girdle chain, whose chains will be festoons like. In the first simile towering
personality, [where these adjectives towering, lofty etc., are now used for
general readers, but they are superfluous,] - o; lofty brilliance - oc;
sadrisha - cw; commonality - c - unsaid - hence a halfway simile. In the
second, brilliance - o; scriptural enterprises - oc; in third simile,
enterprises - o; endeavours - oc; in fourth, endeavours - o; fructification -
oc. In all the similes cw is sadR^isha is said, but commonality - c is unsaid.
Hence these are dharma lupta - arthi - rashanopamaalankaara
bhiima
kaantaiH nR^ipa guNaiH sa babhuuva upajiivinaam |
adhR^iSyaH ca abhigamyaH ca yaado ratnaiH iva arNavaH || 1-16
1-16. bhiima= dreadful [traits
- tejasa, prabhaava, prataapa aadi guNaaH= resplendence, valour, victorious
disposition]; kaantaiH= shiila daakshiNyaadi guNaiH = desirable [grace, favour,
generosity traits]; nR^ipa+guNaiH= king's, traits; upajiivinaam= for
dependants; yaadaH= with crocodiles, sharks like capturers, also; ratnaiH= with
gemstones, also; iva= as with; arNavaH= ocean; saH+babhuuva= he, became;
adhR^iSyaH+ ca= unassailable [inaccessible, steely,] also; abhigamyaH+ca=
accessible, also.
With his kingly traits
of dreadfulness in his resplendence, valour, victories etc., he became
inaccessible, like an inaccessible ocean containing capturers like crocodile,
sharks etc., for seafaring warriors or pirates, and yet with his desirable
traits in grace, favour, and generosity he became accessible to his dependents,
like the very same ocean that contains gemstones, becoming accessible for those
pear-divers that depend on that ocean. [1-16]
Comment: Apart from
simile there is yathaa sankhya alankaara .
Objects and mirrored objects said in seriatim. The traits required of a king
are mainly two. abhR^iSya guNaaH: tejo balamsattvavatta prathaanaH
praapa kaalataa | adhR^iSya guNaan etaan nR^ipasya munayo viduH ||;
and the other abhigamya guNaaH: kulam shiilam dayaa daanam dharamH
satyam kR^itaj~nataa | iti aadayo abhigamyasya nR^ipasya kathataa guNaaH || iti
smR^iti Though there are discussions about
gender differences in simile, they are adjusted by bringing some subtle rules.
rekhaa
maatram api kshuNNaat aamanoH vartmanam param |
na vyatiiyaH prajaaH tasya niyantuH nemi vR^ittayaH || 1-17
1-17. niyantuH= shikshka,
saarathi= helmsman [expert charioteer,] wheelman; tasya= his [Diliipa's];
prajaaH = subjects; nemi= rim [of wheel]; vR^ittayaH= cakra dhaaraaNaam
vR^ittayaH= rotations; aamanoH= from [time of] Manu; kshuNNaat= abhyastaat,
prahataacca= practised course of conduct / beaten track wheel grooves;
vartmanaH= aacaara paddhateH= conducting themselves in traditional customs,
traditionalists; param= adhikam= more; rekhaa+maatram+api= line, at least, even
[even by hairbreadth]; na+vyatiiyaH= not, overstepped [out of line - failing to
conform to a rule or convention, behaving inappropriately.]
Diliipa being the
wheelman, his subjects being the traditionalists, they have never gone out of
line of their traditional course of conduct, practised from the time of Manu,
even by a hairbreadth, as with the rotating wheels of a chariot that do not
veer more out of the beaten track of wheel-grooves, when steered by an expert
charioteer. [1-17]
Comment: Here rotations
vR^ittayaH
are to be ellipted to people also - nemiinaam vR^ittayaH
- nemi vR^ittayaH; nemi vR^ittayaH iva vR^ittayaH yaasaam taaH 'those
that have beaten-track conduct, and those that are not off the beaten track of
tradition...' Then rotations - o; subjects' cyclic traditionary conduct - oc;
moving in 1] grooves of wheel, 2] grooves of tradition, unswervingly - c; as
with, or like - cw. Then in this shleSaanupraaNita upamaana-vaacaka-lupta-upama is
imbibed. abbreviations
prajaanaam
eva bhuuti artham sa taabhyo balim agrahiit |
sahasra guNam ut SR^iSTum aadatte hi rasam raviH || 1-18
1-18. saH= he, Diliipa;
prajaanaam= for peoples; bhuuti+artham+eva= wellbeing [welfare state or works,
for the sake of, only; taabhyaH= from them; balim= SaSTa amsha ruupam karam=
tax in one sixth part; agrahiit= taken; hi= in deed, reasonably; raviH= sun;
sahasra+ guNam= thousand, multiples of; ut SR^iSTum= utsarjana kriyaa visheSa=
to pour forth [rains, raindrops]; rasam= essence [of water]; aadatte = takes.
He that Diliipa takes
from the people, one sixth of their income as tax, only for the sake of a
welfare state indeed, likewise the sun also takes subtle essence of earthly
water to pour forth the same in multiples thousands of raindrops on earth.
[1-18]
Comment: Justifying
present activity with a remote activity arthaantara nyaasa
somewhat transferred epithet.
senaa
paricChadaH tasya dvayam eva artha saadhanam |
shaasteSu akuNThitaa buddhiH maurvii dhanuSi ca aatataa || 1-19
1-19. tasya= his; senaa= army;
paricChadaH= entourage [handling parasols, royal fans etc.] artha+ saadhanam=
purpose, achieving [aspects]; dvayam+eva= two, only; shaasteSu+ akuNThitaa+
buddhiH = in sciences [like political science, or economics etc., say
kingcraft] unswerving, a mind [one aspect]; dhanuSi+ aatataa
[aaropitaa]+maurvii+ca= on bow, tautened, bowstring, also; [niiti purassaram
eva shauryam tasya aabhuut it bhaavaH.]
His army is just an
entourage on par with those that handle the royal parasols and fans, while the
achievers of his purpose are but two, one is his unswerving mind in the
sciences of kingcraft, and the other is his bow, ever tautened with bowstring.
[1-19]
tasya
sa.mvR^ita ma.ntrasya guuDha aakaara ingitasya ca |
phala anumeyaaH praara.mbhaaH sa.mskaaraaH praaktanaa iva || 1-20
1-20. sa.mvR^ita+ma.ntrasya=
gupta vicaaryasya= abstruse concepts; guuDha= invisible; aakaara = bhruukuTii
mukha raagaadi aakaaraH= body language; ingitasya+ca= hR^idgata bhaavo = mind
language, also; tasya= his; praara.mbhaaH= saama aadi upaaya prayogaa= tactical
manoeuvring of kingcraft; praaktanaa sa.mskaaraaH = puurva janma vaasanaa=
repercussions from past life - the recovery of things known to the soul in
previous existences, Plato; iva= like; phala= kaaryeNa= by fruits of action;
anumeyaaH= inferable.
His tactical
manoeuvres in kingcraft are inferable only by their fruition, just like the
repercussions in this life from past life, as his concepts and the languages of
his body or mind are abstruse. [1-20]
Comment: The repercussions
from past life - o; manoeuvres in kingcraft - oc; like - w; inference -
commonality; anugaami sahitopama a
simile with underlying quality
jugopa
aatmaanam atrastaH bheje dharmam anaaturaH |
agR^idhnuH aadade saH artham asaktaH sukham anvabhuut || 1-21
1-21. saH= he, Diliipa;
a+trastaH= without, consternation; aatmaanam+jugopa= his own self, [his body,]
conserved; an+aaturaH= without, illness [even if he is with ill health, he felt
like a healthy person to performe dutiful deeds]; dharmam= dutiful deeds;
bheje= aarjitavaa= served, performed; a+gR^idhnuH= without, avarice;
artham+aadade= riches, recouped; a+saktaH= without, attachment [succumbing to
temptation]; sukham+anvabhuut= comforts, enjoyed.
Diliipa conserved his
body not out of his self-consternation, but to perform dutiful deeds, even if
he were to be with ill health he performed dutiful deeds for duty's sake, he
recouped riches without any personal avarice, and he enjoyed physical comforts
without succumbing to temptations. [1-21]
j~naane
maunam kshamaa shakatau tyaage shlaaghaa viparyayaH |
guNaaH guNa anuba.ndhitvaat tasya sa prasavaa iva || 1-22
1-22. j~naane= para vR^ittanta
parij~naabe satyapi= even if he is aware of others' misdeeds; maunam=
vaa~NiyamH= tongue-tied; shakatau= even capable enough to retaliate etc;
kshamaa= apakaara sahanam= patience to bear animosity [shaktaanaam bhuuSaNam
kshama - caaNakya]; tyaage= while endowing munificence; shlaaghaa= exaltation;
viparyayaH= abhaavaH= apathetic; tasya+guNaaH= his, attributes [like awareness,
capability, munificence]; guNa= attributes [like silence, patience, apathy and
other contradictory]; anuba.ndhitvaat= sahacaaritvaat= coexistent factors;
sa+prasavaa+iva= sodaraaa iva= along with, born ones, like [paraspa viruddhaa
api guNaaH tasmin na virodhena eva sthitaa= like the children of same mother,
they coexisted in him.]
Though he is aware of
others misdeeds he is tongue-tied, though capable enough to retaliate he is
patient with them, though he is highly exalted while endowing munificence he
will be apathetic to them, thus his attributes like awareness, capability,
munificence are coexistent in him along with mutually contradictory attributes
like silence, patience, apathy, as though they all are the children of the same
mother. [1-22]
anaakR^iSyasya
viSayaiH vidyaanaam praara dR^ishvanaH |
tasya dharma rateH aasiit vR^iddhatvam jarasaa vinaa || 1-23
1-23. viSayaiH+an+aakR^iSyasya=
by sensory subjects, not, attracted [dispassionate]; vidyaanaam = veda veda
angaanaam= in scriptures; praara+dR^ishvanaH= up to end, one who has seen [knew
scriptures in-depth, knowledgeable]; dharma+rateH= in duty, delights in; tasya=
to him; vinaa+ jarasaa= without, aging; vR^iddhatvam+aasiit= old age,
bechanced; [tasya raaj~naH j~naana vR^iddhatvam aaha.]
As sensory subjects
have not attracted him he is dispassionate, as a knowledgeable person he delights
in duty, to such a person old age is bechanced without actual aging, as an
oldster of wisdom. [1-23]
prajaanaam
vinaya aadhaanaat rakshaNaat bharaNaat api |
sa pitaa pitaraH taasaam kevalam janma hetavaH || 1-24
1-24. prajaanaam= for people;
vinaya= sikshayaaH= by training; aadhaanaat= by giving [orienting subjects in
good conduct]; rakshaNaat+bharaNaat+api= by protecting [from the factors of
fear or danger,] by succouring [with welfare facilities,] even; saH= he;
[aabhuut] pitaa= [became] father; pitaraH+taasaam= parents, theirs [subjects];
kevalam= just; janma+hetavaH= for birthing, factors [aabhuut= became.]
By orienting his
subjects in good conduct, and by protecting them from fears or dangers, even by
according succour with welfare facilities, he that Diliipa became a de facto
father to them, and their actual parents remained parents de jure. [1-24]
sthitai
daNDayataH daNDyaan pariNetuH prasuutaye |
api artha kaamau tasya aastaam dharmaaya eva maniiSiNaH || 1-25
1-25. daNDyaan= those that are
punishable; sthitai= loka pratiSThaayai= for maintenance of system [of law and
order]; daNDayataH= he punished; prasuutaye+pariNetuH= for progeny, he marries;
maniiSiNaH +tasya= viduSaH tasya= being a scholar, his; artha+kaamau+api= purposes,
pleasures, even; dharmaaya+eva+aastaam= in propriety, alone, abiding [artha
kaamayo api dharma visheSataam aapaadayan.]
He punishes the
punishable only for the sake of maintenance of law and order he marries only
for the sake of progeny, and he being a scholar his purposes, and even his
pleasures are abiding in propriety alone. [1-25]
dudoha
gaam sa yaj~naaya sasyaaya maghavaa divam |
sampat viniyamena ubhau dadhatuH bhuvana dvayam || 1-26
1-26. saH= he, Diliipa;
yaj~naaya= for Vedic-rituals; gaam= bhuvam= earth; dudoha= milked, - idiomatic
English has this 'milking' - taxman is milking me dry - kara grahaNe riktaam
cakaara= to milked earth for levies for rituals]; maghavaa= Indra; sasyaaya=
for crops; divam= heaven; [dudoha= milked]; ubhau= both; sampat= wealth;
viniyamena= paraspara aadaana pratidaanaabhyaam= reciprocally;
bhuvana+dvayam+dadhatuH = nourished, two, realms; [raajaa yaj~naiH indra lokam,
indraH ca vR^iSTau bhuulokam pupoSe]
Diliipa milked the
earth for levies for Vedic-rituals to appease Indra, and Indra milked heaven
for rains for crops on earth, to appease the king and his subjects, thus both
reciprocally exchanged prosperities, to nourish a pair of realms. [1-26]
na
kila anunayuH tasya raajaano rakshituH yashaH |
vyaavR^ittaa yat parasvebhyaH shrutau taskarataa sthitaa || 1-27
1-27. raajaanaH= [other] kings;
rakshituH= being protector; [Diliipa's]; tasya yashaH= his renown;
na+kila+anunayuH= not, indeed, emulate; yat= why because; taskarataa= thievery;
parasvebhyaH= from others [riches]; vyaavR^ittaa [vi+aa+vR^it]= made an about
turn; shrutau+sthitaa= in listening, remained; nyaayena shabde sphuritaa na sva
ruupo asti iti arthaH= thievery remained in rulebooks as a name minus its
functionality.
Indeed the other kings
could not emulate the fame of Diliipa, why because the name 'thievery' took an
about turn from the riches of others, and remained in all but a name, in
rulebooks of law. [1-27]
Comment: This verse is
said to contain Kalidasa's knowledge in grammar, logic, dialectics etc., in
projecting an idea in unusual method. Details later.
dveSyaH
api sammataH shiSTaH tasya aartasya yathaa auSadham |
tyaajyo duSTaH priyo api asiit a.ngulii iva uraga kshataa || 1-28
1-28. shiSTaH= one with
righteous conduct [principled person]; dveSyaH+api= despicable, even if;
yathaa+aartasya+auSadham= as with, to a patient, [pungent] medicine; tasya+
sammataH+asiit= to him [to Diliipa,] agreeable, became; duSTaH+priyaH+api=
unprincipled one, dearer, even if; uraga+kshataa+a.ngulii+iva= snake, fanged,
finger, as with; tyaajyaH= discardable one; [aasiit= became.]
Even if someone is
despicable he becomes agreeable to Diliipa, if he were to be a principled
person, as with a pungent medicine to a patient, and even anyone is dearer to
him, he becomes discardable to him for he is an unprincipled person, as with a
snake-fanged finger, discardable by anyone. [1-28]
Comment: There are two
sets of similes in this verse. 1] Medicine- o; principled person - oc; as with
- cw; agreeability - uq; pungency - o; despicability - mo; Diliipa - o; patient
person - mo; 2] finger - o; mo - unprincipled one - mo; discarding - uf; cw -
as with; dearer one - o; snake-fanged - mo; to Diliipa - o; to anyone
discarding finger - mo. Thus a mixture of uf, uq, o and mo - are there. Snake
bitten parts, if possible for amputation, were amputated. abbreviations
tam
vedhaa vidadhe nuunam mahaabhuuta samaadhinaa |
tathaa hi sarve tasya aasan para artha eka phalaa guNaaH || 1-29
1-29. vedhaa= god Brahma;
mahaabhuuta+samaadhinaa= five subtle elements, causative factors; nuunam= must
have; tam+vidadhe= him [Diliipa,] created; tathaa+hi= yes, indeed; sarve+tasya=
all, his; guNaaH= ruupa rasa aadi mahaabuuta guNavat eva= elemental attributes,
essential traits [of Diliipa]; para+artha= for others, purpose;
eka+phalaa+aasan= one, fruit, becoming [yielding one fruit, called social
welfare.]
Brahma must have
created Diliipa with five subtle elements, yes indeed, as all of his essential
traits are for others' purposes, in yielding only one fruit, called social
welfare. [1-29]
sa
velaa vapra valayaam parikhii kR^ita saagaraam |
ananya shaasanaam urviim shashaasa eka puriim iva || 1-30
1-30. saH= he Diliipa; velaa=
seashore; vapra+valayaam= praakaara veSTaa= [like] ramparts, surrounded; saagaraam+parikhii+kR^ita=
ocean, as moat, on making; an+anya+ shaasanaam= not, by others, ruled [monarch
- from from Gr. monos 'alone' + arkho 'to rule']; urviim= earth; shashaasa=
ruled; eka+puriim+iva= one, city [capital,] like.
On making the
seashores as the surrounding ramparts, and ocean as moat, that monarch Diliipa
ruled the earth, unruled by other kings, like a capital that has seashores as
its fortifications, oceans as it moats, and on which no other king has any
rulership. [1-30]
Comment: The seashores
as the surrounding ramparts, ocean as moat, unruled by other kings - these
three relate to capital, and earth is compared with a capital. velaa iva vapra
valayaaH yasyaaH taam - on city's side; velaa eva
vapravalayaa yasyaaH taam - on earth's side; samaasa bheda
aashrayana and this 'unruled by others' belongs
both to earth and capital - shleSa - allusion.
tasya
daakshiNya ruuDhena naamnaa
patnii sudakshiNa iti aasiit adhvarasya iva dakShiNaa || 1-31
1-31. tasya= his;
magadha+va.msha+jaa= Magadha, dynasty, born in; daakshiNya = daakshiNyam = para
cChandaa anuvartanam= deportment according to the wishes of those on whom she
is dependent, and convincingly make others to accept her opinions, as her
opinions will always be right; ruuDhena= prasiddham = renowned one for such
amicable conduct; naamnaa+sudakshiNa= by name, Sudakshina; iti= thus known as;
adhvarasya= R^itvik, one who conducts Vedic-ritual and takes munificence for
the culmination of that ritual, but now personified as Vedic-ritual itself;
iva= like; dakShiNaa= munificence; patnii= wife; aasiit= [Sudakshina] is there.
His wife, born in the dynasty
of
Diliipa - o;
orchestrator of Ritual - mo; wifehood and munificence - uq; objects are
mirrored and mixed. The munificence given at the end of rituals, even in
ordinary ceremonies is not the fees paid to the priest. It is to prove that the
officiator desires higher worlds, at the munificence of all of his property,
even his wife/wives. Pl. see our Ramayana Bala Kanda as to how Dasharatha gives
up everything to the priests that conduct Ashvamedha yajna.
kalatravantam
aatmaanam avarodhe mahati api |
tayaa mene manasvinyaa lakshmyaa ca vasudha adhipaH || 1-32
1-32. vasudha+adhipaH= land,
lord [king]; avarodhe= into which entry to others is prohibited= antaHpura=
palace chamber of queens; mahati+api= greater, even if [many more better
beauties are there as queens]; manasvinyaa+tayaa= one with heartiness [by
Sudakshina]; lakshmyaa+ca = by Kingdom Fortune, also; aatmaanam= himself;
kalatravantam+mene= having wife [really married to,] deemed.
Though many more better
beauties are there as his queens in the palace-chambers of queens, he deemed
himself to have a really wedded wife in this hearty Sudakshina, in Kingdom
Fortune, [and even with the native land as indicated by poet in saying lord of
the land.] [1-32]
tasyaam
aatmaa anuruupaayaam atmam janma samutsukaH |
vil.mbita phalaiH kaalam sa ninaaya manorathaiH || 1-33
1-33. saH= he [Diliipa];
aatma+anuruupaayaam= self, in harmony with [similar]; tasyaam= in her, in
Sudakshina; atmam+janma= aatmanaH janmani putra ruupeNa utpattau= selfsame son;
samutsukaH= enthusiastic to get; vilmbita+phalaiH= delayed, with fruition;
manorathaiH= kadaa me putro bhavet iti aashaabhiH= with ambition as to when a
son chances; kaalam+ ninaaya= time, led off.
Enthusiastic to get a
selfsame son in self-similar wife Sudakshina, Diliipa led off his time while
the fruition of his ambition is delayed. [1-33]
sa.ntaana
arthaaya vidhaye sva bhujaat avataaritaa |
tena dhuuH jagataH gurvii saciveSu nicikshape || 1-34
1-34. tena= by him [by
Diliipa]; sa.ntaana= for progeny; arthaaya= for the purpose of [begetting];
vidhaye= vidhi anuSThaanaaya= for [performing] sacred duties; sva+bhujaat= from
his own, shoulders; ava+taaritaa= down, loaded; jagataH= world's [the world of
his kingdom]; gurvii+dhuuH= weighty, weight; saciveSu+nicikshape= among
ministers, consigned.
For the purpose of
betting progeny by performing sacred duties, Diliipa downloaded the weighty
weight of his worldly kingdom from his shoulders, and consigned it to his
ministers. [1-34]
atha
abhyarca vidhaataram pratau putra kaamyayaa |
tau da.mpatii vashiSTasya guroH jagmatuH aashramam || 1-35
1-35. atha= then; tau+dampatii=
twosome, couple; abhyarca+vidhaataram= on worshipping, Creator [Brahma];
pra+yatau= very, effortfully; putra+kaamyayaa= son, yearning for;
guroH+vashiSTasya= mentor, Vashishta's; ashramam+jagmatuH= to hermitage,
proceeded.
Then that twosome
couple on worshipping God Brahma very effortfully, yearning for a son as they
are, proceeded towards the hermitage of their mentor Vashishta. [1-35]
snigdha
ga.mbhiira nirghoSam eka syandanam aasthitau |
praavR^iSeNyam payo vaaham vidyut airaaravaa iva || 1-36
1-36. snigdha= madhura= nice;
gabhiira= booming; nirghoSam= having blare; eka+ syandanam= in single, chariot;
praavR^iSeNyam= in rainy season; payaH+vaaham= water, carrier - rainy black
cloud; vidyut= lighting; airaaravaa= Iravata - elephant of Indra; iva= like
[chariot]; aasthitau= on settling [on mounting]; [from here up to verse 45 this
is to be annexed: tau dapatii vashiSTasya guroH jagmatuH aashramam= meanings as
above.]
On mounting a single
chariot that is blaring boomingly, but nicely like a rain cloud, on which
lightning and Indra's elephant Iravata mount in rainy season, proceeded towards
the hermitage of their mentor Vashishta. [1-36]
Comment: There is no
separate State carriage to this queen. Both are in the same chariot means that
both are with a single aim. In this, lighting and elephant are - o; Diliipa and
Sudakshina - oc; in thatt - Sudakshina is compared to lightning for her
lightning-like beauty, and Diliipa to his silvern lordship, where this Iravata
of Indra is a four tusked white skinned elephant, unlike elephants on earth.
The resonant sound of chariot is - o; cloud's thunder is - oc; both mounting on
a single chariot -o; both elephant and lightning ascending on cloud - mo; The
lightning is a compeer of Indra's Iravata, where lightning has the same name iraavatii but
in fem.
maa
bhuut aashrama piiDaa iti parimeya purassarau |
anubhaava visheSaat tu senaa parivR^itaa iva || 1-37
1-37. maa+bhuut= not, let there
be; aashrama+piiDaa= hermitage, perturbation; iti [hetoH]= that way, [for the
reason of, thinking so]; parimeya= minimal entourage; purassarau= keeping van;
anubhaava+visheSaat+tu= tejo visheSaat tu= by their resplendence, hallmark of;
senaa+parivR^itaa+iva= by [entire] army, surrounded, as though; [jagmatuH=
proceeded.]
"Let the
hermitage be unperturbed..." thinking thus, they proceeded with a minimal
entourage in their van, but owing to the hallmark of their resplendence, that
minimal entourage appeared like an entire army. [1-37]
sevyamaanau
sukha sparshaiH saala niryaasa gandhibhiH |
puSpa reNu utkirNaiH vaataiH aadhuuta vana raajibhiH || 1-38
1-38. sukha+sparshaiH=
comfortable, with touch; saala+niryaasa+gandhibhiH= sala trees, trickling sap,
with fragrances; puSpa+reNu+utkirNaiH= flowers, pollen, up-heaved [hence
sightly]; aadhuuta= lightly winnowing; vana+raajibhiH= forest, ranges;
vaataiH+sevyamaanau = by breezes, being adored; [jagmatuH= proceeded.]